Introduction: Pierre Robin sequence (PRS), previously termed Pierre Robin syndrome, consists of three congenital abnormalities: micrognathia (small mandible), glossoptosis, and cleft palate. In Pierre Robin sequence, the events occur in sequence, with one defect leading to the next. PRS occurs with an incidence of 1 in 8500 to 25000. Affected newborns have varying degrees of airway obstruction, often in association with gastroesophageal reflux and feeding difficulties. Intervention is mostly aimed at restoring a patent airway.Case Reports: Airway management in the infant with Pierre Robin sequence can be very challenging because of difficulty with mask ventilation and intubation. Our patient was a 4-year old boy with Robin sequence scheduled for dental repair under general anesthesia. He had a history of palate repair 3 years ago. After inhalation induction with sevofluran, nitrous-oxide in oxygen‚ under spontaneous ventilation, initial laryngeal view with the conventional Macintosh laryngoscope revealed Cormack-Lehane grade IIӀ due to restricted mouth opening and micrognathia. Nasal intubation for two times under the spontaneous respiration were unsuccessful. We fiberoptically intubated the patient with uncuffed tracheal tube (ID 5 mm) while allowing him to breathe spontaneously. Extubation was done with the patient fully awake and with emergency airway equipment immediately available. Postoperatively, he was transferred to intensive care unit where he could be observed closely for delayed complications of airway obstruction.Conclusion: Managing the airway of patients with craniofacial abnormalities can potentially be difficult. Therefore we recommend even simple treatment procedures to be carried out by experienced anesthesiologists, with a variety of different airway devices available such as flexible fiberoptic‚ Storz video laryngoscope and Airtraq optical laryngoscope.

In this study, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to examine the relationship between money supply and inflation and to address inconsistencies in previous research. The overall effect of money supply on inflation was estimated at 0/578, providing a broad measure of its impact. However, an assessment using a funnel plot and Egger's test revealed publication bias. To correct for this bias, the "trim and fill" method was applied, reducing the adjusted overall effect to 0/475. Additionally, meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate moderating variables. The results showed that the effect of money supply on inflation differs across fixed and floating exchange rate regimes, time periods before and after 2000, and between static and dynamic models. These findings contribute to a clearer understanding of the impact of monetary and economic policies on inflation and provide a foundation for future research.

Dear Editor: Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a member of the genus Hepevirus, is a non-enveloped virus with a positive stranded RNA genome that is approximately 7.2 kb in length (1). It has been hypothesized that zoonosis is involved in the transmission of HEV (2,3). Hepatitis E virus antibodies or genes have been reported to exist in many species of mammals, including monkeys (4,5). Recently, divergent HEV strains has been discovered in different animals, including rats (6), mouses (7), and rabbits (8), which suggests that more animal species could be the reservoir of HEV. In the present study, we analyzed a HEV-like sequence, which was found by chance during the discovery of RNA virus in fecal samples of Chimpanzee from a zoo in China. Briefly, we extracted total RNA from the fecal suspension and performed reverse transcription using a primer containing a fixed sequence followed by a randomized octomer at the 3′ end. A single round of DNA synthesis was then performed using Klenow fragment polymerase. Twenty cycles of PCR amplification of nucleic acids was then performed using primers consisting of fixed portions of the random primers. Then the PCR products were purified, cloned into T-vector and sequenced. The resulting sequences were searched in GenBank using BLASTx.